The medieval skincare routine according to the formulations of Madgistra Trotula and the Medical School of Salerno and its reflection on cosmetology of the third millennium.

BACKGROUND: Officinal plants, minerals, animal derivatives, and miscellaneous have always been used to treat and improve appearance despite the different aesthetic canons of a specific historical and cultural context. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to make a critical comparison between medieval and modern dermocosmetics analyzing the works of Trotula de Ruggiero, a female doctor of the 11th century teaching and working inside the illustrious "Medical School of Salerno," who devoted particular attention to the promotion of female care, beauty, and well-being. METHODS: We applied the historical-critical method analyzing the Latin text and the nglish translation of the standardized corpus of the main Trotula medieval manuscript De Ornatu Mulierum with a multidisciplinary scientific approach ranging from botany to pharmaceutical chemistry and technology, pharmacology and pathology. RESULTS: We identified the medicinal plants, derivatives of animal origin and minerals used in the recipes of Trotula, highlighting their biological properties in the light of current scientific knowledge. A critical comparison between medieval and modern dermocosmetics is reported also taking into consideration the chemical, pharmaceutical, and technological literature. CONCLUSION: Beyond the obvious changes in the paradigms of cosmetology and the different beauty canons of Middle Age with respect to modern times, our results emphasize the attention of Trotula to female care, beauty and well-being as well as the extraordinary combination of tradition and modernity in her work.

Gertrude Herzfeld: The woman who dared to be a surgeon.

Gertrude Marianne Amalia Herzfeld (1890-1981), the first practicing female surgeon in Scotland, overcame bias against women in medicine and pediatric specialists in surgery. After her graduation from the University of Edinburgh Medical School (1914), she became the first female house surgeon at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh. In 1920, she became the first practicing woman surgeon to become a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. She left a handful of publications in pediatric surgery: a "radical cure" for inguinal hernia, i.e., early surgery (1925); a review of abdominal surgery in infancy and childhood (1937); surgery for the acute abdomen (1939); and intestinal obstruction (1945). They offer a twenty-year window into how children's surgery was once practiced, when operations were done in patients' homes, and decisions for operation depended solely on the history and physical exam without laboratory testing and radiological imaging. As a series of snapshots over two decades, they reveal how her practice evolved in such areas as fluid resuscitation and radiological reduction of intussusception. She remained steadfast to a careful physical examination and early operation. While she did not document her practice in the care of children with ambiguous genitalia and intersex conditions, she approached the formidable anatomic, psychological, and social challenges of her patients and their families with patience and understanding. Herzfeld was devoted to the care of yet another marginalized population that today is subsumed by the acronym LGBTQIA, yet another area where she was far ahead of her time. Level of evidence: Level VII.

Redes de colaboración y objetos híbridos: mujeres citogenetistas en México, 1960s and 1970s / Collaborative networks and hybrid objects women cytogeneticists in Mexico, 1960-1980

Estudios recientes sobre la historia de la ciencia han enfatizado el enfoque transnacional que problematiza las narrativas eurocéntricas clásicas, las interpretaciones de difusión cultural y la oposición rígida de las categorías de «centro» y «periferia», para explicar la dinámica de los circuitos transnacionales y la circulación de conocimientos, personas, artefactos y prácticas científicas. El presente escrito intenta abonar en esta dirección al mostrar que el trabajo realizado por los genetistas mexicanos en los mil novecientos sesenta y setenta, en especial los trabajos de citogenética, no pueden caracterizarse como periféricos, pues al formar parte de redes de colaboración internacional, el conocimiento generado localmente en instituciones mexicanas y extranjeras logró circular y formar parte de la consolidación de la citogenética a escala global. En este artículo se abordarán las trayectorias de la bióloga y genetista mexicana María Cristina Cortinas, y en menor medida la de la médica y genetista mexicana de origen argentino Susana Kofman. Ellas compartieron agenda médica y de investigación además de tiempo y lugar, participaron en el diagnóstico temprano de enfermedades genéticas y revelaron la correlación entre las observaciones clínicas y el cariotipo. Este manuscrito se centrará, por un lado, en los cromosomas como objetos científicos híbridos que circularon entre la clínica y el laboratorio; por el otro, se abordarán los contextos locales, las culturas materialesy las prácticas específicas que permitieron a estas mujeres genetistas mexicanas ser parte de la producción y transmisión de conocimiento en los años mil novecientos sesenta y setenta, gracias a su pertenencia a redes científicas de colaboración nacionales e internacionales. (AU)

Recent studies on the history of science have emphasized the transnational approach that problematizes classic Eurocentric narratives, interpretations of cultural diffusion, and the rigid opposition of the categories of “center” and “periphery” to explain the dynamics of transnational circuits and the circulation of knowledge, people, artifacts, and scientific practices. This paper attempts to contribute to this direction by showing that the work carried out by Mexican geneticists in the 1960s and 1970s, especially the work on cytogenetics, cannot be characterized as peripheral because knowledge generated locally in Mexican and foreign institutions was able to circulate and become part of the consolidation of cytogenetics on a global scale, participating in international collaborative networks. This article addresses the trajectories of the Mexican biologist and geneticist María Cristina Cortinas, and to a lesser extent those of the Argentineborn Mexican physician and geneticist Susana Kofman. They shared a medical and research agenda and a time and place, participating in the early diagnosis of genetic diseases and revealing the correlation between clinical observations and the karyotype. This manuscript focuses on chromosomes as hybrid scientific objects that circulated between clinic and laboratory and on the local contexts, material cultures and specific practices that allowed these Mexican women geneticists to take part in the production and transmission of knowledge in the 1960s and 1970s, attributed to their participation in national and international scientific collaborative networks. (AU)

Women of the First Anesthesia Journal.

This special article briefly discusses the role of women as the new journal Current Researches in Anesthesia and Analgesia (now Anesthesia & Analgesia [A&A]) began in 1922. It was a time of a few women physicians, and they were usually isolated from the world of mainstream medicine and its predominantly male practitioners The journal's founders, Frank McMechan and his wife Laurette of Cincinnati, were committed to developing an organization for everyone, and women physicians were welcomed early on. Three women physicians even served as the presidents of various anesthesia organizations early in the formation of the present national organization. This acceptance of women was to change as medical education and practice evolved to embrace scientific medicine, after the Flexner Report of 1910 documented the deficiencies of American medicine. Mrs McMechan made the most important contributions by a woman because she cared totally for Dr McMechan, after he experienced disabling and very severe arthritis. He became dependent on his wife for most activities, including the simple act of eating. He could not function without her; she kept him going physically for another 27 years after the onset of his very debilitating illness. After her husband's death in 1939, Mrs McMechan served an executive function, keeping the organization going and maintaining production of the journal. This article also briefly discusses the life of the first woman physician to publish an article in A&A, Frances Edith Haines, MD, of Chicago. Haines published several articles in the journal; the first was in 1922, in the second journal issue. She was the president of the Mid-Western Association of Anesthetists, an affiliated organization, in 1926. She also served in World War I as a contract physician anesthetist for the US Army; she was the first woman contract surgeon to go overseas, to Limoges, France. Her adventure-filled and bold life changed as she aged and developed financial problems. She tried, but failed, to get financial help from the government and the military for her war service, and she died in 1966. These women are examples of women physicians involved with the journal, as it began in 1922. As the number of women physicians has increased recently, some past problems, such as difficulty with getting admitted to medical schools, for example, have improved. However, there are still many issues for women in medicine, including in our specialty.

Nina Braunwald: The First Female Cardiothoracic Surgeon.

Dr Nina Braunwald is celebrated for her work as the first female cardiothoracic surgeon and her key role in the design and implementation of the first prosthetic mitral valve. She began her residency at Bellevue Hospital in 1952, a time in the United States where the scope of women's work was limited. Once her training took her to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), her historic flexible leaflet valve was developed and Dr Braunwald paved an innovative step toward the advanced prostheses of today. Afterward, she was recognized by the American Board of Thoracic Surgery in 1963. Her extensive research and educational passion for cardiothoracic surgery led to numerous publications, a leadership role with the NIH, and associate professorship at University of California San Diego and Harvard; leaving behind a significant legacy to be memorialized in awards and fellowships to women in academic cardiac surgery. Her work inspired continued evolution of the prosthetic valve and countless women to pursue surgery as a career before passing away in 1992, leaving behind a new generation of women surgeons. Despite her successful career, she was never promoted to full professor by her academic institutions.

Rosalie Sattler-Feuerstein: An Austro-Hungarian Official Female Physician in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1914-1919.

This short biography traces the life and medical activities of Rosalie Sattler, née Feuerstein (1883-19??), who was employed as an official female physician at the Austro-Hungarian (AH) provincial public health department in Sarajevo from 1914-1919. Born in 1883 into a Jewish middle-class family in Chernivtsi (then Czernowitz), Ukraine, in Bukovina, the easternmost province in Austria, Feuerstein moved to Vienna in 1904 to study medicine. After earning her MD from Vienna University in 1909, she started her career as an assistant physician at the Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital in Vienna. In spring 1912, Feuerstein moved to Sarajevo to work as an intern at the local provincial hospital (Landeskrankenhaus). In the same year, she married AH district physician Moritz Sattler (1873-1927) in Vienna. In 1914, Sattler-Feuerstein successfully applied to be an AH official female physician in Bosnia. She was an employee of the provincial public health department in Sarajevo and never functioned as an official female physician in the sense of the relevant AH service ordinance. After the collapse of the monarchy, Sattler-Feuerstein continued to be employed as an official female physician of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. She resigned from service in 1919 and established herself as a private general practitioner in Sarajevo with her husband, who had also resigned as an official physician and started to practice privately at that point. Widowed in 1927, she left Sarajevo for an unknown destination, likely in 1938-1939, and vanished from historical records. CONCLUSION: Rosalie Sattler-Feuerstein (1883-19??) came to Bosnia as the eighth AH official female physician and worked as an employee of the AH provincial public health department in Sarajevo from 1914-1919, after which she practiced as a private physician in Sarajevo for more than 25 years.

State of Women in Medicine: History, Challenges, and the Benefits of a Diverse Workforce.

Women in medicine have made progress since Elizabeth Blackwell: the first women to receive her medical degree in the United States in 1849. Yet although women currently represent just over one-half of medical school applicants and matriculates, they continue to face many challenges that hinder them from entering residency, achieving leadership positions that exhibit final decision-making and budgetary power, and, in academic medicine, being promoted. Challenges include gender bias in promotion, salary inequity, professional isolation, bullying, sexual harassment, and lack of recognition, all of which lead to higher rates of attrition and burnout in women physicians. These challenges are even greater for women from groups that have historically been marginalized and excluded, in all aspects of their career and especially in achieving leadership positions. It is important to note that, in several studies, it was indicated that women physicians are more likely to adhere to clinical guidelines, provide preventive care and psychosocial counseling, and spend more time with their patients than their male peers. Additionally, some studies reveal improved clinical outcomes with women physicians. Therefore, it is critical for health care systems to promote workforce diversity in medicine and support women physicians in their career development and success and their wellness from early to late career.

A Tribute to Margaret Grace Stineman, MD.

ABSTRACT: The field of physical medicine and rehabilitation mourns the death of Margaret Grace Stineman, MD. She was an incredibly productive researcher who helped to shape the delivery of rehabilitation care. She was a trusted colleague, mentor, and friend to many. Her outstanding accomplishments were acknowledged by her numerous awards and her election into honorary societies. Dr Stineman spent her career at the University of Pennsylvania and retired as Professor Emeritus in 2014. She is survived by her mother and innumerable colleagues and friends who were touched by her passion, intelligence, and dedication.

Kornelija Rakic: A Woman Doctor for Women and Children in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

This short biography focuses on the life and medical activities of Kornelija Rakic (1879-1952), a Serbian female pioneer of medicine from the then Hungarian province of Vojvodina, who acquired an MD from the University of Budapest in 1905. Rakic came from a humble background, and a Vojvodina Serbian women's organization enabled her to become a physician and pursue her social medicine mission. After a futile attempt to open a private practice as a "woman doctor for women" in Novi Sad in 1906, she successfully applied to the Austro-Hungarian provincial government in Sarajevo for the position of an official female physician in occupied Bosnia. Rakic began her career as an Austro-Hungarian (AH) official female physician in Bihac (1908-1912) and was transferred to Banja Luka in 1912 and to Mostar in 1917=1918. Kornelija Rakic stayed in Mostar after the monarchy collapsed in 1918 and continued to work as a public health officer in the service of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, founded in 1918. Subsequently, she served as the head of the "dispensary for mothers and children" at the Public Health Centre in Mostar, founded in 1929, where she practiced until her retirement in 1949. After World War II, Rakic served as Vice President of the Red Cross Society in Mostar. She received numerous awards and medals from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. Kornelija Rakic died in Mostar in 1952 and was buried at the local Orthodox cemetery of Bjelusine. CONCLUSION: Kornelija Rakic (1879-1952) was the first Serbian female physician in Novi Sad, Vojvodina, and she was employed as an AH official female physician in Bihac (1908-1912), Banja Luka (1912-1917) and Mostar (1917-1918). After World War I, she participated in the establishment and expansion of public health institutions in Mostar and Herzegovina from 1918-1949 against the backdrop of the devastation of the two World Wars.